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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nurþrōnijaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nurþrōnijaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_nurthronijaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nurþrōnijaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nurþrōnijaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnur.θrɔː.ni.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᚢᚱᚦᚱᛟᚾᛁᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>northern</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *nurþraz + *-ōnijaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōniją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōniją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijas, -īs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijas, -īs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>nurþrōnijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*norþrōnī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nordarōni, nordrōni</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*norþrōnī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>norþerne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>northerne, northern, northren, norþern, norþrene, northeren, northrene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>northern</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>northern, nordern, northren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>norrønur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>norrænn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>norrøn, nordrøn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>norrön</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>norrøn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>norrøn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>nornskr, nornst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>norsk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nornst, norskæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>norsk, no.</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>norsk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>Norren, Norn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>Norren, Norrein, Norn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>Norn, Nourne</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>Norn</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>Norn, Norne</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>noren, noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>norran</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrǿnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>noren, noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nornisker, norisker, norsker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>norsk, norska</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>norrønur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>norrænn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>norrøn, nordrøn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>norrön</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>norrøn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>norrøn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>nornskr, nornst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>norsk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nornst, norskæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>norsk, no.</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>norsk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>Norren, Norn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>Norren, Norrein, Norn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>Norn, Nourne</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>Norn</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>Norn, Norne</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>noren, noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>norran</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norrœnn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>noren, noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nornisker, norisker, norsker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>norsk, norska</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>norrønur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>norrænn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>norrøn, nordrøn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>norrön</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>norrøn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>norrøn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>nornskr, nornst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>norsk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nornst, norskæ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>norsk, no.</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>norsk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>Norren, Norn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>Norren, Norrein, Norn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>Norn, Nourne</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>Norn</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>Norn, Norne</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>noren, noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>norran</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>norøn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>noren, noræn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nornisker, norisker, norsker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>norsk, norska</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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