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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nēaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nēaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_neh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)neh₁-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_neana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nēaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nēaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnɛː.ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sew</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_neh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_neh1">*(s)neh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to spin thread, sew’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nēō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nēaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nēizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nēaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nēazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nēaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nēidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nēai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nēadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nēadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nēaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>nēōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>nēaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>nēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>nēaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>nēadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nēamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nēaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nenō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nenōį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nenōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nenōīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nenō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nenōī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>nenōū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>nenōīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>nenōudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>nenōīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nenōum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nenōīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nenōud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nenōīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nenōun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nenōīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>nēandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>nēanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>nēaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*nāja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>naaie</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*nāian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>neien</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German Low German</lang>
                      <orth>naihen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*nāien</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nâyen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>naaien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Aukan</lang>
                        <orth>nai</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nâje</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                        <orth>naai, naej</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                        <orth>nái</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                        <orth>nai</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*nāien</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nâyen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>naaien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>naai</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>naai</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>nāian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>nǣjen, nǣn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>nähen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>nehe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>néien</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                      <orth>nyn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>נייען (neyen)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>nāen</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>nǣjen, nǣn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>nähen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                      <orth>nehe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>néien</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                      <orth>nyn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>נייען (neyen)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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