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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nēhwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nēhwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2nek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂neḱ-</orth>
          <def>to reach</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_nehwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nēhwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nēhwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnɛː.xʷɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚺᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>nigh, near, close</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *h₂nḗḱwos, a lengthened-grade adjective derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2nek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2nek">*h₂neḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to reach’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>nēhwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>nēhwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>nēhwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>nēhwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāhw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nāh, *nā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>na</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>na</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāhw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nēah, nēa, nēh, nīh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>neygh, nygh, nye, nyȝ, nighe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>nigh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ne, ney</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>neeghe, nich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāhw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nā, nēi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nei, nai</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nai</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nei</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāhw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nāh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nāch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>naach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>noh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nah, nach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>no</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāhw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nāh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nâch, nâ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>na</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>no</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰 (nēƕa)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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