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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nēþlō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nēþlō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_neh1_tlo_m" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)néh₁-tlo-m</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_nethlo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nēþlō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nēþlō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnɛːθ.lɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚦᛚᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>needle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *nēþlą + *-ō, Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_neh1_tlo_m"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_neh1_tlo_m">*(s)néh₁-tlo-m</ref></mentioned>, from *(s)neh₁- (‘to sew’) + *-tlom. Equivalent to *nēaną (‘to sew’) + *-þrą + *-ō.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>nēþlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>nēþlôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>nēþlǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>nēþlōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>nēþlōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>nēþlǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>nēþlōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>nēþlōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>nēþlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>nēþlōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>nēþlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>nēþlôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāþlu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nālda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>naelde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>naald</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>naald</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāþlu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nǣdl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nedle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>needle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>nedil, neidil</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāþlu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nēdle, nēlde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Näddele</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>niddel, nuddel, nille, nulle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāþlu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nādala, nālda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nādele, nālde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Nadel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Nol, nālde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>nöłd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נאָדל (nodl), נודיל (nudil)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nāþlu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nāthla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nâdel, nâtele, nâtel, nâtle, nâlde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Nodel, Nadel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Notel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nál</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ną̊l</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>nál</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>nál</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>nål</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nál</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>naal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nål</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nál</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>nāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nål</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌴𐌸𐌻𐌰 (nēþla)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*nālō</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*nëkla</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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