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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nīwalaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nīwalaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_opipeuo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὀπιπεύω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>opipeúō</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ni_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ní</orth>
          <def>down</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_nica" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>नीच</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>nīca</orth>
          </form>
          <def>below, down</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_niwalaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nīwalaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nīwalaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈniː.wɑ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛁᚹᚨᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>lying down, prone, prostrate</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>deep</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from earlier *nīgwala-, denominative adjective from pre-Germanic *nih₃kʷ- (‘looking down, facing down’), compound of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ni_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ni_x2">*ní</ref></mentioned> (‘down’) and *h₃ekʷ- (‘to see’). Compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_nica"><ref target="#cog_san_nica">नीच</ref></mentioned> (nīca, ‘below, down’). For a similar formation, see Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_opipeuo"><ref target="#cog_grc_opipeuo">ὀπιπεύω</ref></mentioned> (opipeúō) &lt; *h₁opi-h₃kʷ-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>nīwalaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwaliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwaliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>nīwalammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>nīwalōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>nīwalammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>neowol, nēol, nihol, niwol</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>neall</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                  <orth>nigel, nule</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>niel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>vernielen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>vernielen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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