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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-nō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="matasovic2009" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/B5HK3DUW">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2009a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="pronk2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/3VW7IXUY">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Singulative n-stems in Indo-European</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1111/1467-968X.12058</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Tijmen</forename>
              <surname>Pronk</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Transactions of the Philological Society, 113</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">113</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">327-348</biblScope>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ghorneh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ǵʰórneh₂</orth>
          <def>gut, intestine</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krosneh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krosnéh₂</orth>
          <def>to move, be agitated; spring, surge, wave</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_prkneh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pr̥ḱnéh₂</orth>
          <def>colored, speckled one</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_h1os_neh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)h₁os-néh₂</orth>
          <def>harvest, crop, fruit</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_no" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-nō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-nō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">nɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms feminine ō-stem nouns, especially concrete nouns denoting a body part, natural object, place, animal, product, or result associated with the base</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-n-eh₂</mentioned>, consisting of the individualizing or singulative nasal suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-n-</mentioned> plus the feminine/collective suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-eh₂</mentioned>. The formation is not securely productive in Proto-Germanic, but survives in inherited and reanalyzed lexical fossils such as   <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_garno"><ref target="#pgmc_garno">*garnō</ref></mentioned> &lt; PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghorneh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ghorneh2">*ǵʰórneh₂</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_furhno"><ref target="#pgmc_furhno">*furhnō</ref></mentioned> &lt; PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_prkneh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_prkneh2">*pr̥ḱnéh₂</ref></mentioned>, and probably <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_hrazno"><ref target="#pgmc_hrazno">*hraznō</ref></mentioned> &lt; PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krosneh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krosneh2">*krosnéh₂</ref></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_asno"><ref target="#pgmc_asno">*asnō</ref></mentioned> &lt; <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_h1os_neh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_h1os_neh2">*(s)h₁os-néh₂</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="103–107">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 103–107</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pronk2015" n="338–39">Pronk 2015: 338–39</bibl>. Compare also  <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_habano"><ref target="#pgmc_habano">*habanō</ref></mentioned>, which points to a related expanded type <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(a)nō</mentioned> from earlier <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-on-eh₂</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="196–97">Kroonen 2013: 196–97</bibl> <bibl corresp="#matasovic2009" n="197">Matasović 2009a: 197</bibl>. The suffix is probably the historical base of some forms in related <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-snō</mentioned> (forms feminine nouns denoting a tool, instrument, or concrete object associated with the base), where <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-s-</mentioned> may reflect a stem-final consonant or word-formation juncture.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-nō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-nôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-nǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-nōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-nōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-nǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-nōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-nōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-nō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-nōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-nō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-nôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-ne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-n</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>Old English -n, -nu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <orth>Middle English -ne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <orth>English -ne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-en, -na</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-ne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-n</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-n</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <orth>Icelandic -n</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌰𐌽𐌰 (-ana), -𐌽𐌰 (-na)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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