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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *plōgaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_plōgaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_plow_yo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*plów-yo-s</orth>
          <def>ship</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_plaumoratum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>plaumoratum</orth>
          <def>heavy, wheeled plow.</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_words_to_plehan" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>words to *plehan</orth>
          <def>to take responsibility, care</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_plogaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/plōgaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>plōgaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈplɔː.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛈᛚᛟᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>plough</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of disputed origin.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Possibly borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸlowyos, *ɸlowī (‘rudder’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_plow_yo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_plow_yo_s">*plów-yo-s</ref></mentioned> (‘ship’), from the root *plew- (‘to fly, flow, run’). Compare Albanian plor (‘prow of a boat; ploughshare’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alinei also mentions the Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_plaumoratum"><ref target="#cog_lat_plaumoratum">plaumoratum</ref></mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> ,</mentioned> with the second element possibly relating to the family of Latin rota, Proto-Celtic *rotos and Proto-Germanic *raþą (‘wheel’). Guus Kroonen has suggested a connection of the Germanic and the Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_words_to_plehan"><ref target="#cog_lat_words_to_plehan">words to *plehan</ref></mentioned> (‘to take responsibility, care’) (“to care for one’s life” &gt; “to plow”); compare Old High German pfluog (‘livelihood’) and Icelandic plógur, plóg (‘profit’), which could nevertheless point as well to the opposite morpho-semantic evolution. Otherwise he proposes a connection with Proto-Germanic *plag/kkōn- (‘rag, sod’), which seems a bit far-fetched.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>plōgaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>plōgōz, plōgōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>plōgą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>plōganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>plōgas, plōgis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>plōgǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>plōgai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>plōgamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>plōgō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>plōgamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>plōg</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>plōgōz, plōgōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lithuanian</lang>
                    <orth>plū̃gas</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>plōvum, ploum</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                    <orth>*plùgъ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*pluog</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ploech</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>plógk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*pluog</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ploech</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ploeg</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ploeg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>plōg, plōh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>plough, ploug, plouh, plogh, plog, ploh, ploch, plugh, pleugh, plue, pleu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>plough, plow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>pleuch, plou</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>pleough, plowe, plou</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>plōch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>plog</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Plouch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ploech</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>phluog, pfluog</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>pfluoc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Plooch, Pluuch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Pflug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Plug</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>פּלוג (plug)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*plōg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*plōg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>plôg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ploog</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Pluach, Plüach</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>plógr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>pluog</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>plógv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>plog</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>plógur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>plu</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>plog</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>plog</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>plógr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>plouh, plugh, plough, plouw, plow</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>plough</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>plógr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>plogh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>plov</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>plógr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>plōgher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>plog</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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