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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *preunaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_preunaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_briauna" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>briaunà</orth>
          <def>edge</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_brukti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>brukti</orth>
          <def>to prod</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_preunaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/preunaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>preunaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈpreu̯.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛈᚱᛖᚢᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>knitting needle</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>pin</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from earlier *preuhmô, genitive *preuhnaz, from *bréuk-mō, *bréuk-(m)n-os, from Proto-Indo-European *brewk-, related to Bulgarian бръсна (brǎsna, ‘to shave’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_brukti"><ref target="#cog_lit_brukti">brukti</ref></mentioned> (‘to prod’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *brewn-, related to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_briauna"><ref target="#cog_lit_briauna">briaunà</ref></mentioned> (‘edge’), Albanian brez (‘belt, girdle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>preunaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>preunōz, preunōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>preuną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>preunanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>preunas, priunis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>preunǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>preunai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>preunamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>preunō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>preunamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>preun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>preunōz, preunōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>prēon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>pirn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>preen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>prēon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>pren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>preen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Preem</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>priem</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>priem</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>priem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>pfrieme</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Pfriem</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>prjónn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>pryne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>prónur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>prjónn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>pjone</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>pjone, pjona</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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