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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *puttaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_puttaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bewd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bewd-</orth>
          <def>to swell</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_buttis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>buttis</orth>
          <def>barrel</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_b_d_na" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bъdьňa</orth>
          <def>tub, cask</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_puttaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/puttaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>puttaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈput.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛈᚢᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pot, jar, tub</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Orel considers the word as cognate to or possibly borrowed from Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_buttis"><ref target="#cog_lat_buttis">buttis</ref></mentioned> (‘barrel’). An older theory by Petersson derives the word from Pre-Germanic *butnós or *budnós (‘a kind of vessel, swelled-out shape’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bewd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bewd">*bewd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to swell’), possibly cognate to Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_b_d_na"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_b_d_na">*bъdьňa</ref></mentioned> (‘tub, cask’) (if not a borrowing from Germanic); compare also Old Armenian պոյտն (poytn, ‘pot, earthen pot’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>puttaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>puttōz, puttōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>puttą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>puttanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>puttas, puttis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>puttǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>puttai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>puttamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>puttō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>puttamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>putt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>puttōz, puttōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>pot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>pot</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>pott</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>pott, potte, pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>pott</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>pott</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>pott, potte, pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Chichewa</lang>
                          <orth>poto</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>pott, pot</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Pot</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>pôt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*pott</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>pott, pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Pott</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*pott</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>pott, pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Pott</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*pottus, *pottum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Galician</lang>
                        <orth>pote, pota</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Occitan</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*pottus, *pottum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Catalan</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Spanish</lang>
                          <orth>pote</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pott</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*pottus, *pottum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>pot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>pot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>pot</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                            <orth>pote</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>pottr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>pot, potte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>pottur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>pottur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>pot, potte</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>pottr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>potta, putta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>pott, potta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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