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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *putōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_putōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bud" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bud-</orth>
          <def>to shoot, sprout</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bunda" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>बुन्द</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bundá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>arrow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_putona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/putōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>putōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈpu.tɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛈᚢᛏᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stick, stab, poke</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to push</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bud"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bud">*bud-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shoot, sprout’); if so, then possibly cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bunda"><ref target="#cog_san_bunda">बुन्द</ref></mentioned> (bundá, ‘arrow’), Lithuanian budė, budis (‘mushroom, fungus’). However, there are two problems with this theory:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>putō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>putǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>putōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>putōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>putōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>putōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>putōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>putōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>putōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>putōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>putōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>putōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>putōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>putōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>putōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>putōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>putōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>putōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>putōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>putōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>putōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>putōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>putōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>putōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>putōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*putōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*potōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>pōten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>poten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*putōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*potōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>pōten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>pōteren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>peuteren</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*putōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*putian, potian, pȳtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>puten, putten, poten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>put, pote, putt, putter, potter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>put, putt, pit, powter, pouter, pudder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*putōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*potia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>poatsje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*putōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*pozzōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>pozzen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*putōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*potōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>pōten, potten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>pötern</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>pota</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>putte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>pota</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>pota, pote, putte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>putta, potta, pötta, påta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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