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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *pōlaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_pōlaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_bala" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>bala</orth>
          <def>a muddy, treeless depression</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_bala" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>balà</orth>
          <def>bog; marsh; swamp; pool</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_bolto" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*bolto</orth>
          <def>swamp</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_polaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/pōlaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>pōlaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈpɔː.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛈᛟᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pool</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">(SS: see article polaz-Acta_Linguistica_Lithuanica.pdf in pgmc folder re bola-) From presumed pre-Germanic *bōlos, from virtual Proto-Indo-European *bel-, *bal- (‘bog, marsh’), which may be a European substrate term borrowed into multiple Indo-European branches. Potential cognates include Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bolto"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_bolto">*bolto</ref></mentioned> (‘swamp’), Modern Greek βάλτος (váltos, ‘swamp, bog’), Romanian baltă (‘swamp, puddle’), Albanian baltë (‘mud, swamp’), as well as Proto-Slavic *bala, *balъka (‘pool; ravine’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_bala"><ref target="#cog_lit_bala">balà</ref></mentioned> (‘bog; marsh; swamp; pool’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_bala"><ref target="#cog_lav_bala">bala</ref></mentioned> (‘a muddy, treeless depression’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>pōlaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>pōlōz, pōlōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>pōlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>pōlanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>pōlas, pōlis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>pōlǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>pōlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>pōlamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>pōlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>pōlamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>pōl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>pōlōz, pōlōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>puol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>poel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>poel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>poel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>pōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>pol, pole, pool</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>pool</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>pule, puil, peel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>pōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Pol, Poul</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>poel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>pfuol, phuol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>phuol</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Pfuhl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Puhl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Pull</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pōl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*pōl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>pôl, pûl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>pøl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Pool, Pohl, Puhl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>pøl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>pöl</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*pœla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>pøla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*pōlijǭ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>pøla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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