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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *pūkô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_pūkô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_paug" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)pāuǵ-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_puko_x2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/pūkô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>pūkô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈpuː.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛈᚢᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hunchback, goblin, spook</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly related to *spōk, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_paug"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_paug">*(s)pāuǵ-</ref></mentioned>, *(s)pāug- (‘brilliance; spectre’) with unusually late loss of the s-mobile (after Grimm's law), but this still suffers other phonetic problems as well as probably semantic ones. Perhaps of substrate origin, or imitative like English boo.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>pūkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>pūkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>pūkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>pūkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>pūkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>pūkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>pūkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>pūkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>pūkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>pūkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>pūkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>pūkaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pūkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>peuk, puk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pūkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>pūca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Welsh</lang>
                      <orth>pwca</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pūkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>pūca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cornish</lang>
                      <orth>bocka</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bucca</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pūkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>pūca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>pouke, ppoke, powke, puke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>puck, Puck</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>pug</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*pūkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*pūka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Puk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>púki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>pokker</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>púki</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>púki</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latvian</lang>
                    <orth>pūķis</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>pokker</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>púki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                    <orth>púca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Irish</lang>
                      <orth>púca</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>pooka, puka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>púki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                    <orth>púca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Irish</lang>
                      <orth>púca</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cornish</lang>
                        <orth>bocka</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>bucca</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>púki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>pūke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>puke, skråpuke, skråpuk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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