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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *raipaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_raipaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1reyp" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁reyp-</orth>
          <def>to peel off, rip, tear; strip, strap</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_raipaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/raipaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>raipaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɑi̯.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚨᛁᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>strip; margin</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>strap; band; rein</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>cord; rope; cable</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>circular band; circlet; ringlet</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Apparently from a quasi-Indo-European *h₁royp-nó-s (‘band, strip, strap’), of uncertain origin. Kroonen considers the term limited to Germanic, but others have further derived it from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1reyp"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1reyp">*h₁reyp-</ref></mentioned> (‘to peel off, rip, tear; strip, strap’), though if so, the irregular sound shift from PIE *-p- &gt; PGm *-p- rather than PGm *-f- remains to be explained.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>raipaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>raipōz, raipōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>raipą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>raipanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>raipas, raipis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>raipǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>raipai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>raipamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>raipō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>raipamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>raip</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>raipōz, raipōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>rēp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rêep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>reep</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rāp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rop, rap, rope, roop, roope</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>rap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>raip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rāp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rop, rap, rope, roop, roope</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rope, roap, roape</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Irish</lang>
                          <orth>rópa</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Tok Pisin</lang>
                          <orth>rop</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rāp, *rēp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Roop</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>reap</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>reif</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>reif</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Reif, Reifen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Reef</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rēp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rêp, reep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Reep, Reeper, Fallreep</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Reep</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Reep</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>reip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>reip</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>reip, reipi</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>reip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>reb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>rep</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>reip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>reip</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>reip</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>reip</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rēp</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rep</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (*raips)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌳𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍀𐍃 (skaudaraips)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*rājppē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*raippa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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