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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rammaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rammaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_ramenu" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>рамѣнъ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>raměnŭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>severe</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rammaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rammaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rammaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɑm.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚨᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>strong</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>overbearing; overwhelming</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown; perhaps related to Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_ramenu"><ref target="#cog_chu_ramenu">рамѣнъ</ref></mentioned> (raměnŭ, ‘severe’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>rammaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>rammaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>rammaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ramminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ramminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ramminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ramminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>rammammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>rammōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>rammammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ramm</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ram</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ramur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rammur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ramber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ram</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ramr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ram</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ramur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rammur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ramr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ramber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ram</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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