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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rankaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rankaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rankaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rankaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rankaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɑŋ.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚨᚾᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>erect, upright</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Derived by ablaut from an unattested verb *rinkaną, itself a nasal-infix present from the root Proto-Indo-European *h₃reǵ-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ranką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ranką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>rankaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>rankaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>rankaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>rankammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>rankōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>rankammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ranc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ranc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rank</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rank</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ranc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>rank</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rank</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rank</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rank</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*rancus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Picard</lang>
                        <orth>râng</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Walloon</lang>
                        <orth>ran, rang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*rancus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>renge, reng</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Welsh</lang>
                          <orth>rheng</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*rancus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>ranc, rang</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>rang</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*rancus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>reng, renc, renk, renge, renke, rang, ranc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>ranc, rang</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>rank</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>rank</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*rancus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>reng, renc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Occitan</lang>
                        <orth>reng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rank</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*rancus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>reng, renc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Catalan</lang>
                        <orth>rench</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Catalan</lang>
                          <orth>reng</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rakkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rakkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rank</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rank</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rakkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>rankur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*rankr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rakkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rank</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rank</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*rankr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rank</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>rankur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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