<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *raskuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_raskuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hreth2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hreth₂-</orth>
          <def>to run</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hroth2skus" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hroth₂skus</orth>
          <def>rapid</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_raskuz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/raskuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>raskuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɑs.kuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚨᛊᚲᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>rapid, snell</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *raþskuz, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hroth2skus"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hroth2skus">*Hroth₂skus</ref></mentioned> (‘rapid’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hreth2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hreth2">*Hreth₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to run, roll’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijas, raskīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijas, raskīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>raskijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>raskijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>raskijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>raskijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>raskijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>raskijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rasku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(found in derivatives: ræsċan, ræsċettan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rasch, rash</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rasku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ras</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rasku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*ræsċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rasch, rash</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rasku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>resci, reski, rasco, rasko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>resche, rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rasch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rasku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>rask</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>raskur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rasch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>rask</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rasku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rasker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>rask</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(found in derivatives: ræsċan, ræsċettan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rasch, rash</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ras</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*ræsċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rasch, rash</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>resci, reski, rasco, rasko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>resche, rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rasch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>rask</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>raskur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rasch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>rask</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rasker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>rask</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raskī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(found in derivatives: ræsċan, ræsċettan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rasch, rash</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raskī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ras</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raskī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*ræsċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rash</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rasch, rash</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raskī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>resci, reski, rasco, rasko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>resche, rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rasch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raskī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>rask</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>raskur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rasch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>rask</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raskī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rasc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rasch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rasker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>rask</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚱᚨᛊᚲᚨᛉ (raskaʀ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
