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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *raubōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_raubōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hrewp" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hrewp-</orth>
          <def>to peel; tear; strip</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_raubona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/raubōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>raubōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɑu̯.βɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚨᚢᛒᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rob, steal, plunder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hrewp"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hrewp">*Hrewp-</ref></mentioned> (‘to snatch’). Equivalent to *raubaz (‘robbery’) + *-ōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>raubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>raubǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>raubōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>raubōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>raubōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>raubōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>raubōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>raubōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>raubōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>raubōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>raubōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>raubōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raubōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raubōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>raubōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>raubōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>raubōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>raubōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>raubōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>raubōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>raubōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>raubōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>raubōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>raubōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>raubōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                    <orth>raubō</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rōvon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>roof, rowe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rēafian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>reven, rayve, ref, refe, reffe, reve, revyn, reeve, ræven, reave, reaven, reavie, reavin, reawen, ræfenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>reave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>reve, refe, reif</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*rāvia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>roowje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rove</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>roubōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rouben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rauben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>rawen, rowen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōbon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>roven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raubōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōbon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rova</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>rova</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>raufa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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