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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *raudaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_raudaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_raudaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/raudaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>raudaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɑu̯.ðɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚨᚢᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>red</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rowdʰós &lt; *h₁rewdʰ-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>raudaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>raudaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>raudaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>raudammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>raudōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>raudammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rēad</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>red, redde, reed, read, ræd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>red</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rede, reid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>reed</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rād</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rood</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>read</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rod</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>root</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>root</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rôot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>roead</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rôot</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>rood</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>rooi</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>rôi</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                            <orth>rooi, ro, roo, rood</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>aro</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*raud</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>rōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>rōt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                          <orth>rot, rout, ruat, ròt, röts</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>rut, rot</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>rot</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>rod</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>rout</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                          <orth>roat</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>rot</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                          <orth>rut</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>רויט (royt)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rauðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>roð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>reyður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>raudar, raudår, raudur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rauður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>rø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>raug, rauv, rå</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rauðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rød</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>rød</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rauðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rø̄þer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>röd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (rauþs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>ruán</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>ruão</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>roano</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*rauta</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*ruovtē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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