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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *reukaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_reukaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1rewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁rewg-</orth>
          <def>to vomit, burp, roar</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_reukana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/reukaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>reukaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛖᚢᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to smoke, to give off a vapour</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1rewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1rewg">*h₁rewg-</ref></mentioned> (‘to vomit, burp, roar’) (though Kroonen appears implicitly skeptical).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>reukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>reukaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>reukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>riukizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>reukaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>reuk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>reukazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>reukaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>riukidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>reukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>reukadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>reukadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>reukaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>reukōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>reukaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>reukadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>reukaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>reukadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>reukamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>reukaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>reukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>reukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>riukid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>reukaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>riukid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>reukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>reukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>reukandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>reukain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>reukandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>reukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>reukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rukį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rukīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rukī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rukū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rukīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rukudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rukīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rukum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rukīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rukud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rukīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rukun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rukīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>reukandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rukanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>reukaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*reukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>riecan, riekan, riechon, ruecon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ruken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>ruke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*reukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>riecan, riekan, riechon, ruecon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ruken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ruiken, rieken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ruik</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*reukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rēocan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>reken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>reek</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rek, reke, reik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*reukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>riāka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>röke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>reekje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*reukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>riohhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>riechen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>riacha</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>riechen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>richen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*reukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*riokan, *rūkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rêken, rûken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rüken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>ruuke</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>rûke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rjúka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rúka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rjúka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ryka, ryke, rjuka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rjúka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ryge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>ryke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rjúka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>riūka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ryka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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