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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ribją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ribją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1rebh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁rebʰ-</orth>
          <def>to cover, to roof; rib</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ribja" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ribją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ribją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈriβ.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛁᛒᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>rib</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>reef, ridge (attested in Old Norse)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rebʰ-yo-m, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1rebh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1rebh">*h₁rebʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cover, to roof; rib’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ribją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ribjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ribją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ribjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ribjas, ribis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ribjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ribjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ribjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ribjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ribjamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ribją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ribjō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ribi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ribbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ribbe, rebbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ribbe, rib</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ribi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ribb, rib</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ribbe, rib</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rib</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rib</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ribi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ribb, rebb, rib, reb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>robb, rabb</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Ribbe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ribbe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ribi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ribi, ribbi, rippi, ribba, rippa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ribbe, ribe, rippe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rippe, Riebe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Rëpp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>rejw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ריפּ (rip)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ribi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ribbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ribbe, rebbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>rib</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ribbe, Ribb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ribbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>ribbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ribba</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rif</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>riv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rif</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>rev</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>rev</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>riv, rev</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rif</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>rif</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rif</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>rif</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rif</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>rif</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>reef</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>rif, riv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rif</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>rif, ref</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Riff</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Riff, Reff</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rif</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rif</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ref, rev, revben</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Suevic</lang>
                  <orth>*rippja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>ripa, corripa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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