<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rudjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rudjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ruo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ruo</orth>
          <def>I dig out</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_r_vati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*rъvati</orth>
          <def>to tear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h_rewh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(H)rewH-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rudjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rudjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rudjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈruð.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚢᛞᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to clear</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to strip</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *rudą (‘a clearing’) + *-janą, possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_rewh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_rewh">*(H)rewH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dig out’), see also Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_ruo"><ref target="#cog_lat_ruo">ruo</ref></mentioned> (‘I dig out’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_r_vati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_r_vati">*rъvati</ref></mentioned> (‘to tear’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rudjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rudjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rudjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rudjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rudjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rudjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rudjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rudjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rudjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rudjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rudjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rudjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rudidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rudidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rudidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rudidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rudidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rudidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rudidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rudidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rudidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rudidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rudidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rudidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rudjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rudidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rudjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ruddjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>āryddan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ruddjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġeryddan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ridden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ryðja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ryðja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ryðja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>rydja, rø, rya, rua, rudjø, rødja, rødda, røa, ræa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ryðja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ryddæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>rydde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>rydde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>rydda</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ryðja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ryþia, rydhia, rödhia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>röja, rödja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
