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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rukkô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rukkô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3rewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃rewk-</orth>
          <def>to dig, till</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rukko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rukkô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rukkô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈruk.kɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚢᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>spinning wheel, distaff</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3rewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3rewk">*h₃rewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to dig, till’), via a secondary formation. Other theories derive the term from Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *rÁkn- (‘weaving, web’), from Proto-Indo-European *ruk-, *rug- (‘to spin, make clothes’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>rukkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>rukkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>rukkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>rukkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>rukkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>rukkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>rukkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>rukkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>rukkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>rukkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>rukkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>rukkaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lombardic</lang>
                    <orth>*rocco</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>rocca, rocchetto, rocchetta</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Arabic</lang>
                        <orth>رُكَّة (rukka)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rocket</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                        <orth>roca</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Spanish</lang>
                        <orth>rueca</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lombardic</lang>
                    <orth>*rocco</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>rocca, rocchetto, rocchetta</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>rocquet, rochet</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>rochet</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lombardic</lang>
                    <orth>*rocco</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Sicilian</lang>
                      <orth>ruccheddu, *rucchellu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Maltese</lang>
                        <orth>rukkell</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rocco, *rocko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rocke, rocken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rok</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*rocca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rokke, rocke, rok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rok</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rokko, rocko, roccho, rocho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rocke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rocken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rokkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rocko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rocke, rocken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rokkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rok</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rokkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rokkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rok</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rokkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rokker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>rukki</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rock</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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