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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rustaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rustaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1rewdh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁rewdʰ-</orth>
          <def>red</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_russus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>russus</orth>
          <def>red, reddish-brown</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_rustas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>rùstas</orth>
          <def>brown-red</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rustaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rustaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rustaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrus.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚢᛊᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>rust</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *rudʰ-s-tos-, derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1rewdh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1rewdh">*h₁rewdʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘red’). Compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_rustas"><ref target="#cog_lit_rustas">rùstas</ref></mentioned> (‘brown-red’). Also compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_russus"><ref target="#cog_lat_russus">russus</ref></mentioned> (‘red, reddish-brown’), Proto-Slavic *rusъ (‘fair, blonde (of hair), yellow, red, light-colored’) (whence Russian ру́сый (rúsyj, ‘fair(-haired), blond(e), light brown (of hair), dirty blond’)).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>rustaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>rustōz, rustōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>rustą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>rustanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>rustas, rustis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>rustǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>rustai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>rustamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>rustō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>rustamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>rust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>rustōz, rustōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rust</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rost, *rōst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rost, roest</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roest</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>roes</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rust</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rust, rūst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rust, rost, roste, roust, rouste, ruste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rust</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>roost, roust</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rust</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*rust, *rost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rust</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>roast</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rust</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rost</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rost</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Rascht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rust</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rost</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Rost</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*rustr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rust</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rust, ryst</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rost</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍂𐌿𐍃- (*rus-)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*ruostë</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*roostëk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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