<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rutāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rutāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hrewd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hrewd-</orth>
          <def>to tear; rend</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rutana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rutāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rutāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈru.tɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rot</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hrewd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hrewd">*Hrewd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to tear; rend’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rutō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rutaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rutāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rutaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rutāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rutāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rutōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rutāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rutāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rutāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rutānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rutaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rutaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rutānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rutānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rutānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rutānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rutadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rutadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rutadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rutadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rutadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rutadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rutadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rutadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rutadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rutadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rutadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rutadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rutadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rutadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rutadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rutadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rutāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rutadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rutāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rotēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*roton</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rōten, rotten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rotten, roten, reuten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rotēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rotian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>roten, roote, rooton, rootye, rot, rote, roti, rotie, rotte, rotten, roty, rotye, rotyn, rotenn, rotien, rotiȝen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rot</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rot</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>rothed, rotheda, rothyed</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rotēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rotia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rootje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rotsje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rotēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rozēn, rozzēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rōzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rößen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rotēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rotōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rōten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rotten, verrotten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rötten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, rottn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, rotna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>ruten, rutn, rutna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rotinn, rotna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>rotne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>røden, rødna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, roten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>rotten</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>rottin, rotten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, raden, rotnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>rådden, rådne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotinn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rutin, rotin, rutna, rotna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rutten, ruttna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, rottn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, rotna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>ruten, rutn, rutna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rotinn, rotna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>rotne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>røden, rødna</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, roten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>rotten</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>rottin, rotten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rotin, raden, rotnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>rådden, rådne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rotna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rutin, rotin, rutna, rotna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rutten, ruttna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
