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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rīfaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rīfaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1reyp" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁reyp-</orth>
          <def>to peel off, rip, tear; strip, strap</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rifana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rīfaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rīfaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈriː.ɸɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛁᚠᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to tear, rend</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1reyp"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1reyp">*h₁reyp-</ref></mentioned> (‘to tear’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīfō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīfaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīfai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīfizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīfaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīf</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīfazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīfaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīfidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīfai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīfadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīfadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīfaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīfōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīfaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīfadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīfaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīfadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīfamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīfaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīfandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīfaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīfid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīfaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīfid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīfandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīfaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīfandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīfain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīfandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīfandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīfaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>raif</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ribį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raift</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ribīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>raif</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ribī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ribū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ribīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ribudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ribīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ribum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ribīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ribud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ribīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ribun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ribīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rīfandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>ribanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rīfaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīfan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rīva</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīfan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*rīfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>riven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rive</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rífa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rífa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>rive</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rífa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>riuæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>rive</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rífa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rīva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>riva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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