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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rīrāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rīrāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_raize" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>raize</orth>
          <def>worry, concern</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_lelayati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>लेलायति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>lelāyáti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to quiver, tremble</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rirana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rīrāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rīrāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈriː.rɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛁᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to tremble</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Seemingly from the same reduplicated Proto-Indo-European *Hrey-Hroy-e- as Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_lelayati"><ref target="#cog_san_lelayati">लेलायति</ref></mentioned> (lelāyáti, ‘to quiver, tremble’), from *Hrey-. Further compare Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_raize"><ref target="#cog_lav_raize">raize</ref></mentioned> (‘worry, concern’), rieva (‘wrinkle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīraisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīrāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīraiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīrāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīrāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīrāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīrāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīrāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīrānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīrānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīrānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīrānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīrānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīradǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīradēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīradēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīradēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīradē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīradēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīradēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīradēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīradēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīradēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīradēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīradēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīradēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīradēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīradēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīradēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rīrāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rīradaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rīrāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (reiran)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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