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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rīsaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rīsaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁réy-</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>h₁</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_risana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rīsaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rīsaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈriː.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛁᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to scale; move vertically (either up or down)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to rise</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1_x2">*h₁réy-</ref></mentioned> (h₁)se-ti, from *h₁rey- (‘to rise’) + *-(h₁)seti (‘desiderative imperfect verbal suffix’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīsō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīsaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rīsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīsizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīsaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīsazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rīsaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīsidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīsadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīsadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rīsaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīsōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rīsaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīsadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīsaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rīsadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīsamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīsaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīsandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rīsaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīsid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīsaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīsid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīsandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rīsaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīsandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīsain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīsandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīsandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rīsaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rizį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>raist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rizīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rizī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rizū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rizīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rizudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rizīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rizum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rizīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rizud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rizīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rizun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rizīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rīsandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rizanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rīsaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>risen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rijzen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>rieze</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rīsan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>risen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rise</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rise</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rīsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rize</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rīsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>risa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>riese</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rīsan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rīsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reisen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rīsan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rīsan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rîsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>riesen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>risen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rísa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rísa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rísa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>risa, rise</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>resæ, risæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rísa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rīsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>risa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (*reisan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (urreisan)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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