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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rōkijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rōkijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_arego" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀρήγω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>arḗgō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to aid; to ward off</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2reh1g" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂reh₁ǵ-</orth>
          <def>to help</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rokijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rōkijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rōkijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɔː.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛟᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to care, care for, take care of</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to mind, heed, attend to</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *rōkaz (‘care’) + *-ijaną, the former from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2reh1g"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2reh1g">*h₂reh₁ǵ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to help’) and compared with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_arego"><ref target="#cog_grc_arego">ἀρήγω</ref></mentioned> (arḗgō, ‘to aid; to ward off’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rōkijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rōkijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rōkijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rōkijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rōkijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rōkidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rōkidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rōkidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rōkidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rōkidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rōkidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rōkidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rōkidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rōkidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rōkidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rōkidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rōkidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rōkijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rōkidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rōkijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ruoken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roeken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roeken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rēċan, rēċċan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>recchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>retch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ruohhen, ruochen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ruochen, rūchen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ruohhen, ruochen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>giruohhen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>geruochen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>geruhen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōkijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>rōkian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôken, rûken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>roken, ruken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rœkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>rækja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rœkja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>reken, rekken</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>reck</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>rek, rak, rack</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rœkja</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*rookkidak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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