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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rōþrą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rōþrą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rothra" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rōþrą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rōþrą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈrɔːθ.rɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᛟᚦᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>oar</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>rudder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *rōaną (‘to row’) + *-þrą (‘tool, instrument’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>rōþrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>rōþrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>rōþrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>rōþrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>rōþras, rōþris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>rōþrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>rōþrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>rōþramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>rōþrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>rōþramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>rōþrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>rōþrō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ruother</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>roer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ruother</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roeder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>руль (rulʹ)</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Armenian</lang>
                            <orth>ռուլ (ṙul)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Azerbaijani</lang>
                            <orth>rul</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Georgian</lang>
                            <orth>რული (ruli)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Kazakh</lang>
                            <orth>рөл (röl)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Persian</lang>
                            <orth>رل (rol)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Turkmen</lang>
                            <orth>rul</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Uzbek</lang>
                            <orth>rul, Yup'ik: alunaq</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>rōþor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rother, rodder, rothre, ruder, rothyr, rothir, rothar, roþer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rudder, rother</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rudder, ruther, ruder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rōther, rōder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Ruur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>roer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ruodar, ruoder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ruoder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ruder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Rudder</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>רודער (ruder)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rōthar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ror</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>róður</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Roor</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>ror</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rōþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*rōthar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rodher</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>roder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>róður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>róður</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>roþer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rodd</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>roþer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rod, Roden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>Roslagen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                      <orth>*roocci</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Estonian</lang>
                        <orth>rootsi, Rootsi, roots</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Ingrian</lang>
                        <orth>rootsi, Rootsi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Livonian</lang>
                        <orth>rūotš, Rūotšmō</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Livvi</lang>
                        <orth>ruočči, Ruočči</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Ludian</lang>
                        <orth>ruoč</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old East Slavic</lang>
                        <orth>Русь (Rusĭ)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Novgorodian</lang>
                        <orth>Роусь (Rusĭ)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Veps</lang>
                        <orth>Ročinma</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Votic</lang>
                        <orth>roottsi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Võro</lang>
                        <orth>ruuts', Roodsi</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                      <orth>*roocci</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Finnish</lang>
                        <orth>ruotsi, Ruotsi</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kven</lang>
                          <orth>Ruottii</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Meänkieli</lang>
                          <orth>Ruotti</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                      <orth>*roocci</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Karelian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>North Karelian</lang>
                          <orth>ruočči, Ruočči</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>South Karelian</lang>
                          <orth>ruočči, Ruočči</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                      <orth>*roocci</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Proto-Permic</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Komi-Permyak</lang>
                          <orth>роч (roć)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Komi-Zyrian</lang>
                          <orth>роч (roć)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Udmurt</lang>
                          <orth>ӟуч (dźuć)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>róðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                      <orth>*roocci</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Inari Sami</lang>
                          <orth>Ruotâ</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kildin Sami</lang>
                          <orth>Рӯц (Rūc)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                          <orth>Ruoŧŧa</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skolt Sami</lang>
                          <orth>Ruõcc</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ume Sami</lang>
                          <orth>Ruohtsa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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