<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rūhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rūhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ruksa" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>रूक्ष</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>rūkṣá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>rough</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ruhaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rūhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈruː.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚢᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>rough</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably related to Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ruksa"><ref target="#cog_san_ruksa">रूक्ष</ref></mentioned> (rūkṣá, ‘rough’), from Proto-Indo-European *HruHḱsos. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rewk-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>rūhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>rūhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>rūhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>rūhammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>rūhōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>rūhammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>rūh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>ruh, ruȝ, roȝe, row, rogh, rough</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>rough</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>roch, ruch, rouch, rooch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>rūg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>ruh, ruȝ, roȝe, row, rogh, rough</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>rough</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>roch, ruch, rouch, rooch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*rūch</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ruuch, rouch</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>rûch</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*rūh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>rûch, rû, rûw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ru</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ruuch, ruug, rug</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>ruff, ruch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*rūg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>rûch, rû, rûw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ru</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ruuch, ruug, rug</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>ruff, ruch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*rūw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>rûch, rû, rûw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ru</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ruuch, ruug, rug</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                      <orth>ruff, ruch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*rūh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ruuch, ru, rou</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ruig, ruw</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                        <orth>ruig, ru</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>rūh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>rūch, rūhe, rū</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                      <orth>רוי (roy)</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>rūh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>rūch, rūhe, rū</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>rau, rauch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rau</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
