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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *rūtijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_rūtijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_rutijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūtijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>rūtijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈruː.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚱᚢᛏᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to squeal</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to grunt</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely related to *reutaną (‘to roar’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rūtijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>rūtijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rūtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rūtijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>rūtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rūtidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>rūtidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>rūtidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>rūtidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>rūtidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>rūtidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>rūtidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>rūtidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rūtidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>rūtidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>rūtidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>rūtidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>rūtijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>rūtidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>rūtijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rūtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rūten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ruten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*rūtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rūzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rūzen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>rýta</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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