<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sairaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sairaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_hoed" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>hoed</orth>
          <def>pain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_haimodia" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>αἱμωδία</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>haimōdía</orth>
          </form>
          <def>sensation of having teeth on edge</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_kaka" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>[script needed]</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kaka-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tooth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_saevus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>saevus</orth>
          <def>fierce</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_sievs" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>sievs</orth>
          <def>sharp, biting</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_saeth" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>saeth</orth>
          <def>pain</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sairaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sairaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sairaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsɑi̯.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚨᛁᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sore, painful</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *seh₂i-ro-, a derivative of *seh₂y- (‘to be fierce, afflict’); compare Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_kaka"><ref target="#cog_hit_kaka">[script needed]</ref></mentioned> (sāwar, ‘anger’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_saeth"><ref target="#cog_sga_saeth">saeth</ref></mentioned> (‘pain’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_hoed"><ref target="#cog_cym_hoed">hoed</ref></mentioned> (‘pain’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_saevus"><ref target="#cog_lat_saevus">saevus</ref></mentioned> (‘fierce’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_sievs"><ref target="#cog_lav_sievs">sievs</ref></mentioned> (‘sharp, biting’). Solmsen also connects Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_haimodia"><ref target="#cog_grc_haimodia">αἱμωδία</ref></mentioned> (haimōdía, ‘sensation of having teeth on edge’) to the Proto-Germanic word as well.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sairaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sairaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sairaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sairammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sairōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sairammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sair</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sêer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zeer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>seer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sair</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sār</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sore, sar, sor</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sore</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sare, sair</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sair</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*sēr, *sār</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>seer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sair</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sēr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>seer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sehr</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>séier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זייער (zeyer)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sair</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*sēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sēr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>sehr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sárr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sárur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sár</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>sår</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>sår</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sárr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sār, saar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sår</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sárr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>sarur, sårur</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sárr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sār</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sår</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*sājrē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*sairas</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>sairas</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Karelian</lang>
                      <orth>šairas</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Votic</lang>
                      <orth>sairõz</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
