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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *samdaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_samdaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_psammos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ψᾰ́μμος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>psắmmos</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_samh2dhos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sámh₂dʰos</orth>
          <def>sand</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_sabulum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>sabulum</orth>
          <def>coarse sand, gravel</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_samdaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/samdaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>samdaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsɑm.dɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚨᛗᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_samh2dhos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_samh2dhos">*sámh₂dʰos</ref></mentioned> (‘sand’), likely borrowed from a Western European substrate. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_psammos"><ref target="#cog_grc_psammos">ψᾰ́μμος</ref></mentioned> (psắmmos), ἄμαθος (ámathos, ‘sand’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_sabulum"><ref target="#cog_lat_sabulum">sabulum</ref></mentioned> (‘coarse sand, gravel’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>samdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>samdōz, samdōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>samdą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>samdanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>samdas, samdis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>samdǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>samdai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>samdamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>samdō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>samdamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>samd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>samdōz, samdōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sant</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zand</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sond, sand, sande, saunde, sonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>zoane</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sond, sand, sande, saunde, sonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sand</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>saund, saun, sand</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Sound</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sân</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Föhr</lang>
                        <orth>sun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hallig</lang>
                        <orth>söön</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Heligoland</lang>
                        <orth>Sun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mooring</lang>
                        <orth>sönj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sylt</lang>
                        <orth>Sön</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sant, *samt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sant, sampt, sambt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>zaond</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זאַמד (zamd)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*samd</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Saunt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sant</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zand</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sond, sand, sande, saunde, sonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>zoane</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sond, sand, sande, saunde, sonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sand</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>saund, saun, sand</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Sound</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sân</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Föhr</lang>
                        <orth>sun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hallig</lang>
                        <orth>söön</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Heligoland</lang>
                        <orth>Sun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mooring</lang>
                        <orth>sönj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sylt</lang>
                        <orth>Sön</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sant, *samt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sant, sampt, sambt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>zaond</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זאַמד (zamd)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sand</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Sand</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Saunt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sandr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sandur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sandr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sandur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>sandur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Sander</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sandr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sand</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sandr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sander</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sand</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*sāntē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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