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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sanþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sanþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_kaka" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>[script needed]</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kaka-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tooth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1s_ont_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁s-ónt-s</orth>
          <def>being, existing</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_sons" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>sōns</orth>
          <def>guilty</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sant" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>सन्त्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sánt</orth>
          </form>
          <def>being, real, good</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_santhaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sanþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sanþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsɑn.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚨᚾᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>true, truthful, correct</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1s_ont_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1s_ont_s">*h₁s-ónt-s</ref></mentioned> (‘being, existing’), the present participle of *h₁es- (‘to be’) (from which the present forms of *wesaną). Particularly close cognates semantically include Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_kaka"><ref target="#cog_hit_kaka">[script needed]</ref></mentioned> (ašant-, ‘true, real’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sant"><ref target="#cog_san_sant">सन्त्</ref></mentioned> (sánt, ‘being, real, good’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_sons"><ref target="#cog_lat_sons">sōns</ref></mentioned> (‘guilty’). Compare also *sundī (‘guilt, misdeed’), an abstract noun derived from *h₁sóntih₂, genitive *h₁sn̥tyéh₂s, the feminine form of the participle.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sanþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sanþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sanþaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sanþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sanþōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sanþammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sanþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sōth</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sōth</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sanþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sōþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>soth</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sooth</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>suthe, suith</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sannr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>saðr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sand</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sannur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sannur, saður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>sann</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sann m (dialectal) sonn f, satt n</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sander</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sann</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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