<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *saumaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_saumaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_humen" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ῠ̔μήν</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>hŭmḗn</orth>
          </form>
          <def>film, membrane, sinew</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_syewh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*syewh₁-</orth>
          <def>to sew</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_syowh_mo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*syowH-mo-s</orth>
          <def>band</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_syuman" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>स्यूमन्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>syū́man</orth>
          </form>
          <def>band, thong, bridle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_saumaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/saumaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>saumaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsɑu̯.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚨᚢᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stitch, seam, hem, edge</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_syowh_mo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_syowh_mo_s">*syowH-mo-s</ref></mentioned> (‘band’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_syewh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_syewh1">*syewh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to sew’). Particularly similar cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_syuman"><ref target="#cog_san_syuman">स्यूमन्</ref></mentioned> (syū́man, ‘band, thong, bridle’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_humen"><ref target="#cog_grc_humen">ῠ̔μήν</ref></mentioned> (hŭmḗn, ‘film, membrane, sinew’), the latter two which stem from a pre-form *syuHmen.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>saumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>saumōz, saumōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>saumą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>saumanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>saumas, saumis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>saumǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>saumai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>saumamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>saumō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>saumamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>saum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>saumōz, saumōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*saum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sōm, *soum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sôom</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zoom</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>soom</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*saum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sēam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>seem, ceem, ceme, sem, seme, seyme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>seam</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>seam</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*saum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sām</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Soom</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>seam</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*saum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>soum</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>soum</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Saum</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Sam</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*saum</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sōm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sôm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Soom</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Soom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>saumr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>seymur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>saumur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>saum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>saumr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>søm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>søm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>saumr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sø̄mber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>söm</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>sávdnji</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Finnish</lang>
                  <orth>sauma</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
