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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *serþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_serþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_serth" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>serth</orth>
          <def>obscene</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_sar_ta_i" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒊬𒋫𒄿</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>šar-ta-i</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to wipe, rub</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_serthana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/serþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>serþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈser.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛖᚱᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to hit; to violate sexually (apparently linked with rape, homosexuality and bestiality)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *sert- (‘to hit (?); to rub against, move obliquely against’). Compare Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_sar_ta_i"><ref target="#cog_hit_sar_ta_i">𒊬𒋫𒄿</ref></mentioned> (šar-ta-i, ‘to wipe, rub’) and perhaps Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_serth"><ref target="#cog_cym_serth">serth</ref></mentioned> (‘obscene’). Kloekhorst meanwhile argues for *serdʰH- based on Hittite.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>serþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>serþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>serþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sirþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>serþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>serþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>serþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>serþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sirþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>serþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>serþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>serþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>serþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>serþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>serþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>serþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>serþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>serþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>serþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>serþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>serþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>serþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sirþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>serþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sirþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>serþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>serþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>serþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>serþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>serþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>serþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>serþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sarþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>surdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sarst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>surdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sarþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>surdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>surdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>surdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>surdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>surdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>surdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>surdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>surdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>surdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>serþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>surdanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>serþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*serthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>serden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zeerden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>seorþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>serden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sard</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sertan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>serten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>serten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*serthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>serden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*serthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>serden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zeerden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>seorþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>serden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sard</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sertan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>serten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>serten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*serdan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*serthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>serden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>serða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>serða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>særþa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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