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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *seuþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_seuþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_autme" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀϋτμή</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aütmḗ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>breath, scent</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2sewt" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂sewt-</orth>
          <def>to roil</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_siausti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>siaũsti</orth>
          <def>to play, rage</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_sutiti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*šutiti</orth>
          <def>to joke, jest</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_seuthana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/seuþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>seuþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈseu̯.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛖᚢᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to seethe; boil</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2sewt"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2sewt">*h₂sewt-</ref></mentioned> (‘to move about, roil, seethe’), perhaps a t-extension of *(h)sew- (‘to burn’), for which see *swīþaną (‘to burn, ache’) for more. Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_sutiti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_sutiti">*šutiti</ref></mentioned> (‘to joke, jest’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_siausti"><ref target="#cog_lit_siausti">siaũsti</ref></mentioned> (‘to play, rage’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_autme"><ref target="#cog_grc_autme">ἀϋτμή</ref></mentioned> (aütmḗ, ‘breath, scent’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>seuþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>seuþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>seuþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>siuþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>seuþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>seuþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>seuþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>seuþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>siuþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>seuþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>seuþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>seuþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>seuþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>seuþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>seuþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>seuþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>seuþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>seuþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>seuþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>seuþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>seuþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>seuþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>siuþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>seuþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>siuþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>seuþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>seuþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>seuþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>seuþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>seuþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>seuþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>seuþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sauþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sudį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>saust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sudīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sauþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sudū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sudīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sududiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sudīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sudum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sudīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sudud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sudīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sudun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sudīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>seuþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sudanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>seuþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*seuþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*siethan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sieden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zieden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*seuþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sēoþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sethen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>seethe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>seth, seith</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*seuþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>siāþa, siātha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sjoode</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sjiedden, siede</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*seuþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>siodan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sieden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>siadn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sieden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>sueden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*seuþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*siothan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sêden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>seden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sjóða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sjóða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sjóða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>syde</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sjóða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>siuthæ, sythæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>syde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sjóða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>siūþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sjuda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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