<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *silubrą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_silubrą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_silubra" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/silubrą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>silubrą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsi.lu.βrɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛁᛚᚢᛒᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>silver</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Likely a Wanderwort of non-Indo-European origin. Compare Proto-Slavic *sьrebro, Latvian sudrabs, Lithuanian sidãbras, Latgalian sudobrys, Basque zilar, Proto-Berber *a-ẓrəf, Celtiberian silabur "money".</seg>
            <seg type="p">A Semitic origin has been suggested (Akkadian 𒀫𒁍𒌝 (ṣur-pu-um /⁠ṣurpum⁠/, ‘silver’), from 𒍝𒊏𒁍𒌝 (ṣa-ra-pu-um /⁠ṣarāpum⁠/, ‘to smelt or refine’)). However, at least one scholar has considered this phonologically and geographically improbable.</seg>
            <seg type="p">The replacement of hypothetical Pre-Germanic *urguntóm from Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm (which would have resulted in **urkundą had it survived in the language) in Proto-Germanic has been thought to be linked to increasing metallurgical sophistication.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>silubrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>silubrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>silubrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>silubrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>silubras, silubris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>silubrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>silubrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>silubramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>silubrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>silubramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>silubrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>silubrō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>silver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>silver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zèlver</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>silver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>silver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zilver</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>silwer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>silfer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Loup A</lang>
                          <orth>sinibat, chinebat, chinibat</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mahican</lang>
                          <orth>sehnpatt, senpett</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Munsee</lang>
                          <orth>shulpul</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>silver, zelva, selvu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>solfer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Unami</lang>
                          <orth>silpël</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>silver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>silver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zilver</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sorfu, solfru, sorfru</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>sólófu, sóófu</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor, sylfur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>silver, selver, sylver, seolver, sulver, soelver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>siwer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>silver, siller</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>seolfor, seolfer, seolofor, siolfor, siolufr, silofr, sylfor, sylfur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>silver, selver, sylver, seolver, sulver, soelver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>silver</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jamaican Creole</lang>
                          <orth>silva</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Maori</lang>
                          <orth>hiriwa</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Zulu</lang>
                          <orth>isiliva</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>selover, selver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Salwer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Sälver</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sulver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>silbar, silabar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>silber</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Süber, Suiber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Silber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Kölsch</lang>
                        <orth>Seleve</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Sëlwer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Silwer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>zyłwer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זילבער (zilber)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*silubr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>siluvar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>selver, sulver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Sülver, Silver</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Selwa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>silfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>silver</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>silvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sylvar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>silfur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>sylv, silv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*silpë</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>sølver</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>silfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>silf, sylf, sølf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sølv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                        <orth>sølvi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sølv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>silfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>silver, sylver, sølver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>silver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sylfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>silver</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>silvur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>sylvar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>silfur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>sylv, silv</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                    <orth>*silpë</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>sølver</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sylfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>silf, sylf, sølf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sølv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Greenlandic</lang>
                        <orth>sølvi</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sølv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sylfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>silver, sylver, sølver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>silver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍂 (silubr)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>silvir</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*silpë</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
