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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *singwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_singwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_omphe" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὀμφή</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>omphḗ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>divine voice, oracle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_singwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/singwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>singwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsin.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛁᚾᚷᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *séngʷʰ-e-ti, from *sengʷʰ- (‘to recite, sing’). Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_omphe"><ref target="#cog_grc_omphe">ὀμφή</ref></mentioned> (omphḗ, ‘divine voice, oracle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>singwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>singwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>singwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>singwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>singwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>singw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>singwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>singwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>singwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>singwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>singwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>singwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>singwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>singwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>singwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>singwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>singwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>singwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>singwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>singwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>singwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>singwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>singwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>singwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>singwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>singwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>singwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>singwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>singwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>singwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>singwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>singwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sangw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sanht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sangw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>singwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>singwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>zinge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zingen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>sing</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>singgi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>sänge</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>sing, siṅ</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>zingen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>singi</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>singi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sing</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sing</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>zing</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>singa, siunga, sionga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>schong</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sjunge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sjonge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>singen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>sangen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>זינגען (zingen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Sathmar Swabian</lang>
                            <orth>singe</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>singa</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>singen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>singe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>singe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*singwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>singan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>singen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>singen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>sinjen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>syngja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>syngja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>syngje, sjunge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>syngja, syngje, synga, synge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dalian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>singga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>siungæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>sjonga, sjønga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>siungæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>synge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>synge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>singva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>singge, singg', singga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>siunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sjunga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>syngja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>syngja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>syngje, sjunge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>syngja, syngje, synga, synge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dalian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>singga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>siungæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>sjonga, sjønga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>siungæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>synge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>synge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>singva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>singge, singg', singga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>syngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>siunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sjunga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (siggwan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>singhen</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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