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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skabaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skabaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_skabh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*skabʰ-</orth>
          <def>to scratch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skabana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skabaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skabaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑ.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shave, to scrape</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *skábʰ-e-, present tense of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skabh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skabh">*skabʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to scratch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skabō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skabaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skabai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skabizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skabaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skab</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skabazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skabaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skabidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skabai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skabadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skabadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skabaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skabōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skabaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skabadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skabaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skabadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skabamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skabaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skabandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skabaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skabid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skabaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skabid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skabandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skabaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skabandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skabain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skabandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skabandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skabaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skōb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skōbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skōft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skōbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skōb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skōbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skōbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skōbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skōbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skōbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skōbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skōbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skōbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skōbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skōbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skōbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skabandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skabanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skabaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*scavan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schaven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjave</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċafan, sċeafan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schaven, shaven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schave, schaif, schaiff, shaav</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċafan, sċeafan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schaven, shaven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shave</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Welsh</lang>
                          <orth>siafio</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skava</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skoawje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skave</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skaban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schaben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schaben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schuewen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שאָבן (shobn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skavan, skaƀan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schaven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schaven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>skåvå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skava</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>skave</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skafa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skave</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>skave, skaave</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skauæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skave</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>skawa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skava</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skava</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skava</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>skåvå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skava</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>skave</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skafa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skave</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>skave, skaave</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skava</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skauæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skave</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>skawa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skava</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skava</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skava</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽 (skaban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaappidak</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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