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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skabbaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skabbaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_skabh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*skabʰ-</orth>
          <def>to scratch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_scabies" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>scabiēs</orth>
          <def>mange</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skabbaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skabbaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skabbaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑb.bɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>scab</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>scabies, mange</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skabh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skabh">*skabʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut, split, carve, shape’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_scabies"><ref target="#cog_lat_scabies">scabiēs</ref></mentioned> (‘mange’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skabbaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skabbōz, skabbōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skabbą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skabbanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skabbas, skabbis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skabbǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skabbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skabbamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skabbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skabbamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skabb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skabbōz, skabbōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skabb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schabbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schab</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skabb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schabbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>*schabbig</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>schabbig, schabberig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeabb, sċæb, sċeb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schabbe, scabb, skabbe, scabbe, scab</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>scab, shab</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>scabby, shabby</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeabb, sċæb, sċeb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schabbe, scabb, skabbe, scabbe, scab</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>skab, scab</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>scabby, shabby</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeabb, sċæb, sċeb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>sċeabbed, sċeabbede, sċæbbede</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>schabbed, schabbid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skab</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>*skabich</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>skoawich</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>skabbich, skabberich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skaba, scaba</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schabe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schabe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skaba, scaba</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>scebedīg, skebedīg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>schebic</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>schäbig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skabb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>skavatho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skabb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>scheve, schēve</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schēvisch, schēvesch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skabb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>schabbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schabbig</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>schabbig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skab</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skabb</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skabb</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skabb</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skabb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skabbig</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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