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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skadwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skadwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_skotos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σκότος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>skótos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>darkness</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_scath" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>scáth</orth>
          <def>shadow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kh3_tus" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ḱh₃-tús</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skadwaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skadwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skadwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑð.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛞᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a shadow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kh3_tus"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kh3_tus">*(s)ḱh₃-tús</ref></mentioned>, from *(s)ḱeh₃- (‘dark’). Cognate with Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_scath"><ref target="#cog_sga_scath">scáth</ref></mentioned> (‘shadow’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_skotos"><ref target="#cog_grc_skotos">σκότος</ref></mentioned> (skótos, ‘darkness’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skadwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skadwōz, skadwōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skadwą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skadwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skadwas, skadwis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skadwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skadwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skadwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skadwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skadwamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skadw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skadwōz, skadwōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schāde, schāduwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schaduw, schad, schade, schaai</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skadu, skaduwee</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeadu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schadwe, schadewe, schado, schadou, schadowe, shadewe, shadow, shadue, schadough, schadow, scaudu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shadow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeadu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schadwe, schadewe, schado, schadou, schadowe, shadewe, shadow, shadue, schadough, schadow, scaudu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schadow, schaddow, scaddow</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>shadda, shedda</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skade</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Skade, Skaad</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skaad, skâd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skato, scato, skata, scata</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schate, schade, schete, schatwe, schetewe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schatten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Schiet</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שאָטן (shotn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Schauten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skadu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schaduwe, schadewe, schāde, schēde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Schade, Scharre, Scharr</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skadda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skadda, skødda, skaddi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skodda, skoddi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>skǫdde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skodde, skadda, skodda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skǫddu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skadda, skødda, skaddi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skodda, skoddi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>skǫdde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skodde, skadda, skodda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skadus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*katvëh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>katve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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