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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skakaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skakaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kek-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skakana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skakaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skakaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to swing</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to shake</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to escape</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kek">*(s)kek-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shake, stir’), with unexpected *-k- instead of *-h-, either through contamination or back-formation from the iterative *skakkōną (‘to shake’). See *skehaną (‘to jump, emerge’) for more cognates.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skakaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skakai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skakizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skakaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skakazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skakaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skakidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skakai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skakadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skakadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skakaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skakōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skakaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skakadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skakaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skakadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skakamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skakaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skakandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skakaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skakid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skakaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skakid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skakandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skakaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skakandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skakain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skakandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skakandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skakaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skōkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skōkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skōkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skōkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skōkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skōkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skōkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skōkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skōkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skōkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skōkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skōkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skōkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skakandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skakanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skakaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skakan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schāken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schaken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċacan, sċeacan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schaken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shake</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schake, schaik, schack</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skeka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skädje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>schaekjen, schaakje, schaekje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skakan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*schaken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schaken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skaka</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skakra</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skage</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skaka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skaka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>skake</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skaka, skåkå, skøkø, skæka, skjeka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skaka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skaka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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