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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skakulaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skakulaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skakulaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skakulaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skakulaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑ.ku.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚲᚢᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a link in a chain</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a fetter</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *skakaną + *-ulaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skakulaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skakulōz, skakulōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skakulą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skakulanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skakulas, skakulis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skakulǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skakulai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skakulamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skakulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skakulamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skakul</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skakulōz, skakulōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skakul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>scākel, schakel, schaeckel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schakel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel, sċecel, *skakilaz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schakel, schakil, schakkyl, schakle, schakyll, shakel, shakill, shakyl, shakyll, shekyl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shackle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>sjækkel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                          <orth>jakōļ</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                          <orth>sjakkel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>schackel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel, sċecel, *skakilaz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schakel, schakil, schakkyl, schakle, schakyll, shakel, shakill, shakyl, shakyll, shekyl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schaikill, schakill, schekill</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>shakle, shackle, sheckle</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skakel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Schakel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skeakel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skakul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schākel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schäckel, Schäkel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Schakel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skakul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>scākel, schakel, schaeckel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schakel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel, sċecel, *skakilaz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schakel, schakil, schakkyl, schakle, schakyll, shakel, shakill, shakyl, shakyll, shekyl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shackle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>sjækkel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                          <orth>jakōļ</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                          <orth>sjakkel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>schackel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċacul, sċeacul, sċeacel, sċecel, *skakilaz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schakel, schakil, schakkyl, schakle, schakyll, shakel, shakill, shakyl, shakyll, shekyl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schaikill, schakill, schekill</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>shakle, shackle, sheckle</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skakel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Schakel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skeakel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skakil</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skakul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schākel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schäckel, Schäkel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Schakel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skǫkull</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skagle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skökull, skekill, skekkill</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skakel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skakel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skekill</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skagle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skökull, skekill, skekkill</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skakel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skakel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skakilaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skagle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skökull, skekill, skekkill</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skakel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skakel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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