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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skaljō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skaljō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skaljo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaljō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skaljō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑl.jɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛚᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>shell; husk; rind; peel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *skolH-yeh₂, from *(s)kelH- (‘to split, part, divide’). See also the related *skalō (‘shell, husk’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skaljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skaljôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skaljǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skaljōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skaljōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skaljǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skaljōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skaljōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skaljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skaljōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skaljō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skaljôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skella</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>scelle, scille, schelle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>schelle, schele, shelle, scille</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skella</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>scelle, scille, schelle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schil, schel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skel, skil</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>skel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċiell, sċiel, sċyll, sċyl, sċill, sċil, sċell, sċel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schelle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shell</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schel, schell</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skell, *skill</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Skeele, Skiele</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skyl</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*skella</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schelle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skellia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schelle, schille</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schellfisch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Schille, Schill</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Friulian</lang>
                      <orth>scae</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>scaglia</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Piedmontese</lang>
                      <orth>scaja</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Sicilian</lang>
                      <orth>scagghia</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Venetan</lang>
                      <orth>scaja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>escaille, eschaille, escalle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>shelle, schelle, scele</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skallju</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Romance</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>escaille, eschaille, escalle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>escaille, eschaille, esquaille, escalle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>écaille</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skjel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skæl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>skjell</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰 (skalja)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*(s)kālčō</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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