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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skalkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skalkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_xolk" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*xolkъ</orth>
          <def>bachelor</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skalkaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skalkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skalkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑl.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛚᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>servant</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unknown origin, though the primary meaning of the root underlying the term may have been along the lines of "wry, wrong". Orel prefers connecting the word to Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_xolk"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_xolk">*xolkъ</ref></mentioned> (‘bachelor’) and *xolpъ (‘brat; serf’), reconstructing the shared root as a Proto-Indo-European *skel-; he appears to favor equating this reconstruction with *(s)kelH- (‘to cut’), taking the semantic development as "cut" &gt; "maimed" &gt; "servant".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skalkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skalkōz, skalkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skalką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skalkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skalkas, skalkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skalkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skalkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skalkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skalkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skalkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skalk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skalkōz, skalkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Italian</lang>
                    <orth>scalco</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scalc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>scalc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schalk, maarschalk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċealc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schalk, scalk, schalke, schalkke, shalk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shalk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schalk, schak, schaik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skalk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ontschalken</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skalk, scalc, scalk, scalh, scalch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>scalco</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skalk, scalc, scalk, scalh, scalch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schalc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schalk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Schallek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skalk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schalk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skalk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>scalcus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                      <orth>scalcius, scalciatus</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>escalque</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skalkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skalk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skálkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skálkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skalk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skalkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skalker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skalk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skálkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skalk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skálkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skálkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skalk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skálkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skalker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skalk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌺𐍃 (skalks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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