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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skammaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skammaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_kamna" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kamna</orth>
          </form>
          <def>little</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ken" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ken-</orth>
          <def>to arise, begin</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ḱem-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skammaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skammaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skammaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑm.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>short; blunt; stunted</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unknown origin. Has been compared with Proto-Indo-Iranian *kambʰ- (‘few, small’) (whence Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_kamna"><ref target="#cog_ave_kamna">𐬐𐬀𐬨𐬥𐬀</ref></mentioned> (kamna, ‘little’), Persian کم (kam, ‘few, little’)), itself possibly related to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ken"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ken">*ken-</ref></mentioned> (‘to arise, begin’). Other theories include a derivation from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kem">*(s)ḱem-</ref></mentioned> (‘mutilated, hornless’), whence *hamalaz (‘mutilated, truncated’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skammaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skammaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skammaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skamminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skamminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skamminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skamminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skammammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skammōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skammammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*sċamm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċōmhylt, sċoomhylti</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>skam</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>scam</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skammur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skammur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skam</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skam</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                      <orth>skábma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>skamt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>scant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>scant</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>skant, scant</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skammr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skamber</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skam</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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