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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skapōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skapōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skapona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skapōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skapōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑ.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shape</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to create</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *skapą (‘shape’) + *-ōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skapō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skapǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skapōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skapōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skapōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skapōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skapōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skapōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skapōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skapōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skapōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skapōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skapōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skapōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skapōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skapōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skapōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skapōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skapōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skapōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skapōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skapōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skapōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skapōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skapōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skapon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schapen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*skapian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shape</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skaffōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schaffen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schafen, schaffen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skaffōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schaffen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schaffen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>skaffe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>schaffen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Faroese</lang>
                          <orth>skaffa</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>schaffen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>skafje, schafje</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>skaffa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skapōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schapen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skapa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skapa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skapa, skepja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>skape</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skape, skapa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skapa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skapæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skabe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skapa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skapa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skapa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skepja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skapa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skapa, skepja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>skape</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skape, skapa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skepja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skapæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skabe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skepja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skapa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skapa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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