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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skardaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skardaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_skerdh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*skerdʰ-</orth>
          <def>to cut up</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_skersti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>sker̃sti</orth>
          <def>to cut, slaughter</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_scerdaid" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>scerdaid</orth>
          <def>to peel, scrape off</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skardaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skardaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skardaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑr.ðɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚱᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cut up, damaged</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *skordʰ-o-s, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skerdh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skerdh">*skerdʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut up’); cognate with Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_scerdaid"><ref target="#cog_sga_scerdaid">scerdaid</ref></mentioned> (‘to peel, scrape off’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_skersti"><ref target="#cog_lit_skersti">sker̃sti</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut, slaughter’). The Indo-European root may be an extension of *sker- (‘to cut’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skardaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skardaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skardaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skardammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skardōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skardammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skerd, skerde</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shard, sherd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>shaird</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*skart</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schart, scharte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Scharte</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schart</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skarðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skarður</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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