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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skardą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skardą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skarda" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skardą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skardą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑr.ðɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚱᛞᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>notch; nick</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Nominalized form of *skardaz (‘diminished’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skardą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skardą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skardas, skardis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skardǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skardai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skardamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skardamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skardą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skardō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Catalan</lang>
                    <orth>esquerda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>scart, scaert, schaerde, scheerde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schaarde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>skaart</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċeard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>scherd, scheard, scheord, scherde, schord, shard, sherd, sherde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shard, sherd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>shaird</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>sheardhe, sheardh, shearde, sharde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>escharde, escherde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Basque</lang>
                      <orth>eskarda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>escharde, escherde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>eschardre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>écharde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>escharde, escherde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Italian</lang>
                      <orth>scarda</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Italian</lang>
                        <orth>scardare</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skerd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Skeed</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>schird, skurd</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>scart, *skarti</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>scharte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Scharte</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Schaart</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skard</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skard</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schart</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Schaarde</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skarð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skård, skår</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skarð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skarð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>scarth</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skård</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skardh</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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